Effects of static muscular contraction on impulse activity of groups III and IV in cats August 1983 Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology 55(1 Pt 1):105-12 A tracing was taken of the contractions of the tibialis anticus muscle, the proximal origin of the muscle being fixed byclamping a rod passed through the knee-joint. Methods: The effects of frequency and duration of tetanic contraction on venous blood flow (BF) were examined with transonic flow probes placed on the femoral artery and vein. Muscle cells are organized in bundles or in sheets. MUSCLE TONE Dr PS Deb MD, DM Director Neurology GNRC Hospital Assam, India 2. It also stimulates milk letdown, enabling milk to be ejected through the nipples. Fig. This is the phase known as the eccentric muscle contraction. Identifier musclechemistryofcontraction Lccn 73704146 Ocr Muscles. All the macrominerals, except sulphur, are described in the text. Acta physiol. ture during isometric contractions in the cat soleus muscle. CSNA increased 48 +/- 13% immediately after th … Whenever a neural signal arrives at the junction, acetylcholine is secreted causing an action potential in the sarcolemma to be generated. Muscle contraction is an example of the conversion of the phosphate bond (chemical) energy of ATP to mechanical energy. Here’s a pic of him. This stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into the muscle cell. This condition is not painful, but can create a disability. -Reply > Datum: vrijdag 10 september 1999 7:02 > > This sounds a little impossible as AC would alternately contract and release your muscles forcing you to release it! Cats. We straighten our leg. Skeletal muscles , electromechanical coupling , cross-bridge cycle , isotonic muscle contraction . Measurements of transmembrane potentials were performed under different contractile conditions on isolated cat papillary muscles. Vertebrate muscle is composed of two types of filaments, thick and thin. This facilitation of force production by a second stimulus involves both increases in magnitude and duration of the contraction. Li J(1), Hand GA, Potts JT, Wilson LB, Mitchell JH. Suzana Blesic. Read rest of the answer.Similarly one may ask, what are the events of a neuromuscular junction? Contractility of the whole muscle depends on the number of muscle … by proprioceptive impulses arising from leg muscle sensors during contraction is to help maintain or develop the contrac-tion. the joint motion that results from a muscle contraction. This muscle appears as a wide, thin band extending from its origin on the ilium to its insertion on the patella and tibia. The purpose of this study was to determine if static contraction of the triceps surae muscle, which increases arterial blood pressure and heart rate, activates neuronal cells in the PAG. When a stimulus is applied to the smooth muscle cells, the calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as in the plasma membrane are opened. When a fiber the … The Cat's vertebra are held by muscles rather than ligaments like humans. When the costal attachment is fixed, bilateral contraction of the muscles causes the flexion of the neck. Contract. Twelve of 20 afferents were stimulated by a 60-s static contraction. Congenital myotonia has been seen in the cat. Dogs can return to full activities after surgery and rarely experience … In barbiturate-anesthetized cats we examined the interaction of lactic acid and static contraction on the discharge of group III muscle afferents. A muscle twitch is the contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus. The hormone is sometimes given in synthetic form, as pitocin, to ease labor and increase lactation. the response a muscle has to any kind of stimuli where the result is shortening in length and development of force. Immunocytochemical staining of the PAG for Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was determined in barointact animals during muscle contraction (n=6), barodenervated animals during muscle contraction (n=4) and barodenervated control animals (n=3). In physiology, muscle contraction does not necessarily mean muscle shortening because muscle tension can be produced without changes in muscle length, such as when holding a heavy book or a dumbbell at the same position. In this article about muscle physiology you'll get a brief review of the relevant muscle structures and learn about the electro-physiologic and energetic processes during a contraction. The neuromuscular junction is found between the sarcolemma and a motor neuron. Taken together, these findings finally establish the identity of the critical cation chan- nels associated with mI CAT, thus elucidating a mechanism that was first described almost a quarter of a century ago (Bolton, Casteels, Droogmans, van Breemen). 1 mass noun Painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain. Multi-unit smooth muscles rarely contain gap junctions, compared with single unit smooth muscles, but are densely innervated by autonomic nerve fibres.Each muscle fibre responds independently of its adjacent fibre and therefore behaves as independent multiple units. Smooth Muscle in Cats Andreas H. Hasler and Robert J. Washabau We have previously shown that cisapride, a substituted pip- eridinyl benzamide, stimulates contraction of healthy feline colonic smooth muscle. Treatment may include dietary changes and exercise. Congenital Myoclonus: The cat is born with involuntary muscle contractions and the spasms occur for no known reason. Active Myoclonus: Involuntary muscle contractions are triggered by a cat’s movement or wanting to move. Stimulus-sensitive myoclonus: Muscles contract due to light, noise, or touch. Causes of Muscle Contraction Disease in Cats In cats with idiopathic megacolon, cisapride stimulated contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle from both the ascending and the descending colon. Do Not Just Hire Anyone – Rigor Mortis Muscle Contraction Case Study Hire A Professional Custom Writing Service Why You will Love Us. Muscle cells contain protein filaments called myofilaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. Take this short quiz of 10 questions on muscle contraction. Amlopidine besylate can be used in dogs but has not been as … The effect of contraction intensity on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to active human limbs has not been established. The tetanic contractions of motor units are the effect of repetitive activations of muscle fibers and the summation of responses to successive stimuli. To evaluate the effect of spontaneous static contraction on the central properties of the aortic baroreflex, ADN stimulation was given before, at the onset of, and after spontaneous static contraction ( n = 33 trials in 8 cats). This anti-anxiety drug for cats is used for a number of uses in treating seizure disorders in cats, muscle cramping diseases like ‘Scotty cramp’, irritable bowel syndrome, stimulating appetite in cats, territory marking urination in cats, extreme involuntary muscle contraction, etc. The name of this muscle was coined from Latin roots to … The spike trains of afferent fibers innervating muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs in the medial gastrocnemius muscle were recorded during spontaneous contractions in either decerebrate cats or decapitate cats treated with L-dopa. Brutsaert, D.L. It is initiated by relaxation of the inspiratory muscles:. Static contraction of the hindlimb muscles, induced by electrical stimulation of the ventral roots, reflexly increases arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The comparison of cardiac and skeletal muscle structure reveals differences which can be related to differences in the functional characteristics of the two muscle types. 24 ins for the depressor conchae and 33 ms for the orbicularis oris. The muscles of the lateral thigh run from the pelvic girdle to either the thigh or the shank . The effects of diltiazem (2.2 x 10-7 and 2.2 x 10-6 N) on isometric contraction and K +-induced contracture (Pc) were determined for right ventricular muscles from normal cats and cats with right ventricular systolic hypertension (RVSH) monitored 4-15 days after partial pulmonary artery obstruction Muscles obtained from cats … https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00185.2003 Involuntary, continuous, coarse, and rhythmic contractions of a muscle, portion of a muscle, or group of muscles is the most common sign to look out for. 91 - 99. and muscle contraction, consequently regulating small intestinal motility in vivo. The action of the lumbar sympathetic nerves to cat colon was studied in vitro using isolated muscle strips with attached lumbar colonic nerves (LCN) orientated in the axis of circular muscle layer. G. Bonchev str., bl. After contracting isometrically the muscle was subjected to ;step' changes in tension after which it lengthened or shortened isotonically.3. Contractions and cyclic AMP in EDL Six thyroxine-treated cats and six control cats of There are contradictory reports regarding the effects of thyrotoxicosis on cyclic AMP level of skeletal approximately similar weights were used in this experi- muscles. Electrical stimulation of LCN caused frequency-dependent increases in resting tension and in amplitude of spontaneous contractions. We hold it for about 5 seconds and that five. > Onderwerp: Re: cats! Musclecontraction disease in cats is also called myoclonus. This contributes to the cat's elasticity and ability to elongate and contract their back by … ‘The etiology of nocturnal leg muscle cramps is not clear.’. This muscle's origin is the lumbodorsal fascia and pelvis. I'm gonna show you an example in the pots program. Muscle activation: The motor nerve stimulates an action potential (impulse) to pass down a neuron to the neuromuscular junction. The abdominal wall consists of three sheet-like layers of muscle along with a band-like, longitudinal muscle located along the midventral line (linea alba). Muscle cells are known as myocytes or muscle fibers. A 1-min contraction was evoked by stimulating the peripheral ends of the cut L7 and S1 ventral roots. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria • Abstract. Intermittent contraction was initiated for 10 min by electrical stimulation of the left tibial nerve (40 Hz, 25 μs, 2 … Diaphragm – relaxes to return to its resting position, reducing the superior/inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity. Download Full PDF Package. Because most muscle fibers are grouped into motor units, a muscle twitch usually involves all the muscle fibers in a motor unit. A biochemical profile is a blood test that assesses the function of internal organs, measures the electrolytes such as blood potassium, and identifies the levels of circulating enzymes. Neuroscience, 1998. THE JOURNAL † RESEARCH † www.fasebj.org LPA 1 receptor–mediated thromboxane A 2 release is responsible for lysophosphatidic acid-induced vascular smooth muscle contraction Peter Tibor Dancs,*´ Eva Ruisanchez,* Andrea Balogh,´ † Cec´ılia Rita Panta,* Zsuzsanna Miklos,*´ Rolf M. Nusing,¨ ‡ Junken Aoki,§ Jerold Chun,{Stefan … Uses a model to explain muscle contraction. The most widely utilized cardiac biomarkers in dogs and cats are B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). A muscle twitch has three phases (figure 7.10). Results: Results reveal that instrumentation of the venous system with cannulas or flow probes alters vascular mechanics so that the muscle … For each afferent fiber, the approximate location of its receptor within the muscle was determined. It was found that the duration of the action potential (within limits of about 20%) depends on the mode of contraction. An imbalance between these three nutrients can lead to muscle spasm. Cat had a muscle contraction attack May 12, 2016 3:31 PM Subscribe. Any of them can cause muscle contraction based on the location of smooth muscles. Vitamin D. Vitamin D works in conjunction with calcium and magnesium to control muscle contraction. When the pelvic limb is lifted off the ground, contraction of the Caudofemoralis causes the limb to abduct and the shank to extend by extending … Also called fasciculation, twitching is the minor contraction of muscles, in cats, it commonly occurs in the whiskers, nose and tail, but it can happen in any location. Muscle tone 1. This is one of the reasons we have AC supplied to our home and not DC, among ather obvious reasons. A short summary of this paper. Muscles function to produce force and motion. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), arterial blood pressure (AP), and heart rate (HR) were measured during isometric muscle contraction of a hindlimb in chloralose-anesthetized cats. 36 Full PDFs related to this paper. When a muscle contracts against a load, it performs work.This means that energy is transferred from themuscle to the external load to lift an object to a greater height or to overcome resistance to movement.. Magnesium. The major microminerals are iron, zinc, copper, and selenium. One of the most common and agonizing types of muscle spasms is the “charley horse,” which causes cramping in the calf muscles so bad that it … J. Physiol. Disorder in Excitation-Contraction Coupling of Cardiac Muscle from Cats with Experimentally Produced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy By Raimun L Kaufmannd. In the initial period of development of reflex muscle contraction a weak autogenetic inhibitory effect on discharge of fusimotor neurons was found. This paper describes several of the mathematical models that have been used to study cardiac muscle contraction. Methods: Circular muscle strips (2.0 × 0.2 cm) were prepared from the corpus of cat stomach in order to measure isometric contraction in a chamber filled with Krebs-Ringer solution (pH 7.4, temperature 36°C) bubbled with 5% CO 2 in O 2. Contraction. scand. When we do a shorter quad, we have the pillows under the knees. In summary, we conclude that proinflammatory cytokines play an important pathophysiological role in experimental esophagitis in the cat and that IL-1β and IL-6, but not TNF-α, are present in the circular muscle layer and may contribute to reduced esophageal contraction in this model by inhibiting release of ACh from myenteric neurons. C-nitroso donors of nitric oxide. The contractile mechanism of smooth muscles is different from that of the skeletal muscles. The purpose of the present investi- gation was to determine the effect of cisapride on feline idiopathic megacolonic smooth muscle function. Cardiomyopathy is the name given to any disease affecting the heart muscle itself. Looking for medication to treat sudden uncontrolled muscle contraction with pain? Read more! They can be rapid or slow and can occur anywhere in Mitten's body; some are localized and some go throughout the body. Symptoms of muscle contraction disease in cats are very clear. Cat owners will be able to visibly see the disease causing the muscles of their feline’s legs, abdomen, head, neck or jaw to contract. The muscle contractions of myoclonus are usually short-lived, lasting just a few seconds from the time they started. It has been known that endothelin-1 (ET-1) exerts important actions in gastrointestinal smooth muscle motility, but its precise mechanism remains unsolved. This paper. By supplying pulses to different subdivisions of the ventral nerve roots in rotation it was possible to obtain smooth contractions of cat soleus with low rates of stimulation.2. Congenital myotonia has been seen in the cat. - "Distinct kinases are involved in contraction of cat esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscles." If Rigor Mortis Muscle Contraction Case Study there are any minor Rigor Mortis Muscle Contraction Case Study things you would like to change, our writers will do it for free. Although stimulation of groups III and IV muscle afferents is believed to cause these reflex increases, the responses of these afferents to a level of static contraction that increases arterial pressure have not yet been determined. Constipation, the inability to routinely and easily evacuate the bowels is a common feline malady. Honjo et al. A 1-min contraction was evoked by stimulating the peripheral ends of the cut L 7 and S 1 ventral roots. etal muscle. Early Onset of Maximum Velocity of Shortening in the Heart Muscle of the Cat Pflügers Archiv vol. Usually, you will see muscle tremors of this sort when a cat has been exposed to some sort of toxin. Possible causes or contributing factors include: inappropriate diet, traumatic injury, infection, adverse reaction to medication, lack of access to drinking water, intestinal tumors, neurologic disease, and underlying metabolic … Researchers believe that megacolon is caused by a problem with contraction of the muscles in the colon. Learn how it ... A concentric muscle contraction is one of the three types of activation. The channels are nearly equally permeable to monovalent cations (Rb+:K+:Cs+:Na+:Li+ = 1.1:1.1:1.0:0.98:0.8) (1), but their Ca2+ permeability is low (2-4). Arachidonic acid increased the responses of group III afferents (n = 11) to contraction by 265% (from 0.17 ± 0.07 to 0.62 ± 0.24 … The most anterior muscle of the cat thigh is the sartorius. You can clearly see it in the shoulder blades but this happens through out her whole body. Active Myoclonus: Involuntary muscle contractions are triggered by a cat’s movement or wanting to … In 15 cats, the effect of PPADS on the reflex pressor, cardioaccelerator, and interstitial concentrations of PGE 2 were assessed before and during the intermittent static contraction of the left triceps surae muscles. Muscle tension, rise and time spinal cats occur in dynamic but not in static fusimo- course of muscle contraction being similar in the two tor neurons and should apply equally to decerebrate preparations, gave no reason to expect the consecu- cats. A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. The Isometric contraction is where the muscle contracts, but the joint does not move. ET-1 produced contraction of smooth muscle cells isolated by enzymatic digestion. The force produced by cat muscles over time with two stimuli separated by a short interval is approximately three times that produced by a twitch of cat muscles. Muscle contraction is an example of the conversion of the phosphate bond (chemical) energy of ATP to mechanical energy. In mathematical terms, work is defined by the following equation: Changes in fusimotor activity during repetitive lengthening muscle contractions in decerebrate cats. Reference Honjo, Ushiro, Haji, Nozoe and Matsui 11 To date, there is no evidence of a significant role of the tensor tympani muscle in middle-ear ventilation. It is not the same as the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), which is the area of the crossection of a muscle … The contraction of muscle occurs when the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments. an expellable balloon to reveal defecation-related muscle activities. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), arterial blood pressure (AP), and heart rate (HR) were measured during isometric muscle contraction of a hindlimb in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Cats have highly specialized teeth for the killing of prey and the tearing of meat. Most fusimotor neurons tested were found to be coactivated with motor units during reflex muscle contraction. Disease of the heart valves (causing ‘leaky’ valves which prevent the heart functioning normally) are an important and … Process of Passive Expiration. Isometric muscle contractions. Surgery for this contracture is relatively straight forward and very successful. Of course, all of these muscles are useless without an adequate blood supply linked into the anatomy the muscle system in order to power contraction of … Similarly to spontaneous LES tone, contraction of esophageal muscle in response to its endogenous neurotransmitter ACh is PKC dependent (10, 32, 53) and therefore may depend on activation of MAPKs. The gross morphology, innervation pattern and contraction properties of lumbar back muscles in the cat were investigated. Can anyone help figure out what happened to my cat? RSNA, renal blood flow velocity, and arterial pressure were measured simultaneously during isometric contraction of the hindlimb triceps surae muscle in eight chloralose-anesthetized cats. Therefore, in barbiturate-anesthetized cats we recorded the responses of group III muscle afferents to static contraction before and after arachidonic acid (1-2 mg ia) and/or indomethacin (5 mg/kg iv). Non-medical causes of twitching in cats This facilitation of force production by a second stimulus involves both increases in magnitude and duration of the contraction. It has also been suggested that severe prolonged retention of feces (as with constipation or obstipation) can stretch and damage the muscles of the colon, causing megacolon to develop. CAT and ion selectivity of channels carrying mICAT Several previous studies have addressed ion selectivity of channels carrying mICAT in intestinal smooth muscles. Normal and Potentiated Contractions of Cat Papillary Muscle Y. Christopher Chiu, Edmond W. Ballou, and Lincoln E. Ford The instantaneous force-velocity relations of cat papillary muscles were studied at different times in the twitch in normal and in postextrasystolic potentiated contractions. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – this is the most common form of heart disease in cats and occurs where there is an increase in the thickness of the muscular wall of the heart. ‘The runner suffers severe muscle pain and cramp as well as crippling abdominal discomfort.’. We recorded nerve discharges rather than EMG since movement artifacts interfere with EMG recordings, especially when feces pass near the EAS muscle. The contraction properties of some facial muscles of the cat have been investigated. In conclusion, we have found in this study that in detrusor muscle cell signalling, detrusor muscle contraction to ACh in cat is mediated via muscarinic M 3 receptors – G q/11 protein coupling and involves the activation of PLC-β 1 and intracellular Ca 2+ … . READ PAPER. This reduces the volume of blood within the heart and also prevents the heart muscle relaxing properly between contractions. Congenital muscler disorders. The scalenus anterior muscle acts on the joints between the cervical vertebrae. Anorexia in cats may be associated with moderate to marked elevations in serum CK activity and should not be used directly for a diagnosis of myopathy until feeding has resumed. Phosphorus. Your photo also looks very similar to an elderly cat at the sanctuary where I volunteer. Static muscle contraction was induced by electrical stimulation of the L7 and S1 ventral roots of the spinal cord in anesthesized cats. Tremors concentrated in one area tend to occur in the head or hind legs. Addeddate 2014-11-06 21:56:53 Boxid IA1113002 Curatenote color: Problematic sound: Good synch: Good notes: Red balance is a little high. Colonic tissue was obtained from seven healthy male and female adult cats and seven healthy male and female kittens. Vertebrate muscle is composed of two types of filaments, thick and thin. A 1-min contraction was evoked by stimulating the peripheral ends of the cut L7 and S1 ventral roots. Blood flow and oxygen uptake increase with total power during five different knee-extension contraction rates. c-Fos expression in the medulla induced by static muscle contraction in cats. Partial under the muscle implant placement results in an 8-12% lifetime risk of capsular contracture, as opposed to a 12-18% lifetime risk of capsular contracture with over the muscle … To increase vitamin D, spend a few minutes each day in the sunshine, consume adequate amounts of fortified dairy or soy products, or take a good … Creatine kinase (CK) is a “leakage” enzyme present in high concentrations in the cytoplasm of myocytes (skeletal and cardiac primarily) and brain and is the most widely used enzyme for evaluation of muscular disease. The contraction of abductor muscles move limbs away from the midline of the body, while the contraction of adductor muscles move limbs back toward the body’s midline. Your body is composed of three types of muscle: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. This disease of skeletal muscle is characterized by involuntary active contraction of a muscle that persists after some sort of voluntary effort or stimulation of the muscle. 324 1971 pp. Muscle contraction is made possible by the release of calcium from storage within the muscle cell (in a structure called the “sarcoplasmic reticulum”). Myexperiments were made in cats ancesthetised by subcutaneous injections of urethane and subsequently with chloroform-ether. Item Preview > The anterior roots of the 6th and 7th lumbar investigated pressure changes in the middle ear of cats; the authors found that tensor tympani muscle contraction did not result in any pressure rise. However, these responses are not identical. Abstract CARLSON, H , Morphologj und contraction properties of cat lumbar back mrrscles. 2. A lever from the thin filament detaches from the thick filament, moves down the thick strand, re-attaches, then flexes and pulls the strand shorter. Muscle spasms are involuntary contractions of one or more muscles. Instead, the urethral tone may vary, due to the fact that the external urethral sphincter tone is generally lost as a consequence of pudendal nerve lesions, but the internal urethral … Longissimus muscle (musculus longissimus) The longissimus muscle is a long intrinsic muscle of the back.Along with spinalis and iliocostalis, these three muscles comprise the erector spinae group.The erector spinae is a large musculotendinous complex that runs along the entire length of the vertebral … This type of contraction is used when your muscle stays in a single position and the attached joint doesn’t move. This disease of skeletal muscle is characterized by involuntary active contraction of a muscle that persists after some sort of voluntary effort or stimulation of the muscle. ... is a cardiac-specific protein involved in cardiomyocyte contraction and … We investigated the intracellular mechanism of ET-1-induced circular smooth muscle cell contraction in cat esophagus. ... but the heart increases production and secretion in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells. Seizure disorders in cats are symptoms for different medical conditions.Seizures can be caused by a large variety of factors including parasites, epilepsy or head injuries. Oxytocin is responsible for the physical mechanisms involved in mammalian birth. 1. Produces unrestrained reflex activity of skeletal muscles & autonomic nervous system. Discipline: Accounting. Flaccid bladder with poor detrusor tone due to damage to the pelvic nerve or its sacral segments is often observed in cats with tail pull injury. In muscles, CK functions by making ATP available for contraction by phosphorylating ADP from … ... in the medulla after static muscle contraction induced by stimulation of L7 and S1 ventral roots of the spinal cord in anesthetized cats. Work Output During Muscle Contraction. The three main types of muscle include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The use of "under the muscle" placement: Placing implants under the chest muscles can significantly lower the risk of capsular contracture. 1978. It is typically used to describe the contraction properties of pennate muscles. Depending on the position of the head and the type of muscle contraction, the scalenus anterior can produce the following movements: When the costal attachment is fixed, bilateral contraction of the muscles causes the flexion … In cats with idiopathic megacolon, cisapride stimulated contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle from both the ascending and the descending colon. The contractile capacity of these cells depends on the association of actin filaments and myosin II motor protein filaments in the … In cardiac muscle, the process of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) describes the chain of events that links action potential induced myocyte membrane depolarization, surface membrane ion channel activation, triggering of Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ store to … The so called “power stroke” occurs by what I would call a lever action. “Tonus is status of contraction of resting muscle” • Muller 1833 A state of partial contraction that is characteristic of normal muscle, is maintained at least in part by a continuous bombardment of motor impulses originating reflexively, and serves to maintain body posture. Control of Motor-Unit Tension by Rate Modulation During Sustained Contractions in Reinnervated Cat Muscle T. C. COPE, C. B. WEBB, AND B. R. BOTTERMAN &purtmcnt Of’Physiologv and Biophysics, llahnemann University, Philudelphiu, Pennsylvania 19102; and Department ofCell Bioloiy and Nc&xience, University of’ Tedxus Southwestern Medicul Center, Dallas, ‘Texas 75235 .
muscle contraction in cats
Effects of static muscular contraction on impulse activity of groups III and IV in cats August 1983 Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology 55(1 Pt 1):105-12 A tracing was taken of the contractions of the tibialis anticus muscle, the proximal origin of the muscle being fixed byclamping a rod passed through the knee-joint. Methods: The effects of frequency and duration of tetanic contraction on venous blood flow (BF) were examined with transonic flow probes placed on the femoral artery and vein. Muscle cells are organized in bundles or in sheets. MUSCLE TONE Dr PS Deb MD, DM Director Neurology GNRC Hospital Assam, India 2. It also stimulates milk letdown, enabling milk to be ejected through the nipples. Fig. This is the phase known as the eccentric muscle contraction. Identifier musclechemistryofcontraction Lccn 73704146 Ocr Muscles. All the macrominerals, except sulphur, are described in the text. Acta physiol. ture during isometric contractions in the cat soleus muscle. CSNA increased 48 +/- 13% immediately after th … Whenever a neural signal arrives at the junction, acetylcholine is secreted causing an action potential in the sarcolemma to be generated. Muscle contraction is an example of the conversion of the phosphate bond (chemical) energy of ATP to mechanical energy. Here’s a pic of him. This stimulates the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into the muscle cell. This condition is not painful, but can create a disability. -Reply > Datum: vrijdag 10 september 1999 7:02 > > This sounds a little impossible as AC would alternately contract and release your muscles forcing you to release it! Cats. We straighten our leg. Skeletal muscles , electromechanical coupling , cross-bridge cycle , isotonic muscle contraction . Measurements of transmembrane potentials were performed under different contractile conditions on isolated cat papillary muscles. Vertebrate muscle is composed of two types of filaments, thick and thin. This facilitation of force production by a second stimulus involves both increases in magnitude and duration of the contraction. Li J(1), Hand GA, Potts JT, Wilson LB, Mitchell JH. Suzana Blesic. Read rest of the answer.Similarly one may ask, what are the events of a neuromuscular junction? Contractility of the whole muscle depends on the number of muscle … by proprioceptive impulses arising from leg muscle sensors during contraction is to help maintain or develop the contrac-tion. the joint motion that results from a muscle contraction. This muscle appears as a wide, thin band extending from its origin on the ilium to its insertion on the patella and tibia. The purpose of this study was to determine if static contraction of the triceps surae muscle, which increases arterial blood pressure and heart rate, activates neuronal cells in the PAG. When a stimulus is applied to the smooth muscle cells, the calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as in the plasma membrane are opened. When a fiber the … The Cat's vertebra are held by muscles rather than ligaments like humans. When the costal attachment is fixed, bilateral contraction of the muscles causes the flexion of the neck. Contract. Twelve of 20 afferents were stimulated by a 60-s static contraction. Congenital myotonia has been seen in the cat. Dogs can return to full activities after surgery and rarely experience … In barbiturate-anesthetized cats we examined the interaction of lactic acid and static contraction on the discharge of group III muscle afferents. A muscle twitch is the contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus. The hormone is sometimes given in synthetic form, as pitocin, to ease labor and increase lactation. the response a muscle has to any kind of stimuli where the result is shortening in length and development of force. Immunocytochemical staining of the PAG for Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was determined in barointact animals during muscle contraction (n=6), barodenervated animals during muscle contraction (n=4) and barodenervated control animals (n=3). In physiology, muscle contraction does not necessarily mean muscle shortening because muscle tension can be produced without changes in muscle length, such as when holding a heavy book or a dumbbell at the same position. In this article about muscle physiology you'll get a brief review of the relevant muscle structures and learn about the electro-physiologic and energetic processes during a contraction. The neuromuscular junction is found between the sarcolemma and a motor neuron. Taken together, these findings finally establish the identity of the critical cation chan- nels associated with mI CAT, thus elucidating a mechanism that was first described almost a quarter of a century ago (Bolton, Casteels, Droogmans, van Breemen). 1 mass noun Painful involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles, typically caused by fatigue or strain. Multi-unit smooth muscles rarely contain gap junctions, compared with single unit smooth muscles, but are densely innervated by autonomic nerve fibres.Each muscle fibre responds independently of its adjacent fibre and therefore behaves as independent multiple units. Smooth Muscle in Cats Andreas H. Hasler and Robert J. Washabau We have previously shown that cisapride, a substituted pip- eridinyl benzamide, stimulates contraction of healthy feline colonic smooth muscle. Treatment may include dietary changes and exercise. Congenital Myoclonus: The cat is born with involuntary muscle contractions and the spasms occur for no known reason. Active Myoclonus: Involuntary muscle contractions are triggered by a cat’s movement or wanting to move. Stimulus-sensitive myoclonus: Muscles contract due to light, noise, or touch. Causes of Muscle Contraction Disease in Cats In cats with idiopathic megacolon, cisapride stimulated contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle from both the ascending and the descending colon. Do Not Just Hire Anyone – Rigor Mortis Muscle Contraction Case Study Hire A Professional Custom Writing Service Why You will Love Us. Muscle cells contain protein filaments called myofilaments of actin and myosin that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell. Take this short quiz of 10 questions on muscle contraction. Amlopidine besylate can be used in dogs but has not been as … The effect of contraction intensity on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to active human limbs has not been established. The tetanic contractions of motor units are the effect of repetitive activations of muscle fibers and the summation of responses to successive stimuli. To evaluate the effect of spontaneous static contraction on the central properties of the aortic baroreflex, ADN stimulation was given before, at the onset of, and after spontaneous static contraction ( n = 33 trials in 8 cats). This anti-anxiety drug for cats is used for a number of uses in treating seizure disorders in cats, muscle cramping diseases like ‘Scotty cramp’, irritable bowel syndrome, stimulating appetite in cats, territory marking urination in cats, extreme involuntary muscle contraction, etc. The name of this muscle was coined from Latin roots to … The spike trains of afferent fibers innervating muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs in the medial gastrocnemius muscle were recorded during spontaneous contractions in either decerebrate cats or decapitate cats treated with L-dopa. Brutsaert, D.L. It is initiated by relaxation of the inspiratory muscles:. Static contraction of the hindlimb muscles, induced by electrical stimulation of the ventral roots, reflexly increases arterial blood pressure and heart rate. The comparison of cardiac and skeletal muscle structure reveals differences which can be related to differences in the functional characteristics of the two muscle types. 24 ins for the depressor conchae and 33 ms for the orbicularis oris. The muscles of the lateral thigh run from the pelvic girdle to either the thigh or the shank . The effects of diltiazem (2.2 x 10-7 and 2.2 x 10-6 N) on isometric contraction and K +-induced contracture (Pc) were determined for right ventricular muscles from normal cats and cats with right ventricular systolic hypertension (RVSH) monitored 4-15 days after partial pulmonary artery obstruction Muscles obtained from cats … https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00185.2003 Involuntary, continuous, coarse, and rhythmic contractions of a muscle, portion of a muscle, or group of muscles is the most common sign to look out for. 91 - 99. and muscle contraction, consequently regulating small intestinal motility in vivo. The action of the lumbar sympathetic nerves to cat colon was studied in vitro using isolated muscle strips with attached lumbar colonic nerves (LCN) orientated in the axis of circular muscle layer. G. Bonchev str., bl. After contracting isometrically the muscle was subjected to ;step' changes in tension after which it lengthened or shortened isotonically.3. Contractions and cyclic AMP in EDL Six thyroxine-treated cats and six control cats of There are contradictory reports regarding the effects of thyrotoxicosis on cyclic AMP level of skeletal approximately similar weights were used in this experi- muscles. Electrical stimulation of LCN caused frequency-dependent increases in resting tension and in amplitude of spontaneous contractions. We hold it for about 5 seconds and that five. > Onderwerp: Re: cats! Musclecontraction disease in cats is also called myoclonus. This contributes to the cat's elasticity and ability to elongate and contract their back by … ‘The etiology of nocturnal leg muscle cramps is not clear.’. This muscle's origin is the lumbodorsal fascia and pelvis. I'm gonna show you an example in the pots program. Muscle activation: The motor nerve stimulates an action potential (impulse) to pass down a neuron to the neuromuscular junction. The abdominal wall consists of three sheet-like layers of muscle along with a band-like, longitudinal muscle located along the midventral line (linea alba). Muscle cells are known as myocytes or muscle fibers. A 1-min contraction was evoked by stimulating the peripheral ends of the cut L7 and S1 ventral roots. 23, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria • Abstract. Intermittent contraction was initiated for 10 min by electrical stimulation of the left tibial nerve (40 Hz, 25 μs, 2 … Diaphragm – relaxes to return to its resting position, reducing the superior/inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity. Download Full PDF Package. Because most muscle fibers are grouped into motor units, a muscle twitch usually involves all the muscle fibers in a motor unit. A biochemical profile is a blood test that assesses the function of internal organs, measures the electrolytes such as blood potassium, and identifies the levels of circulating enzymes. Neuroscience, 1998. THE JOURNAL † RESEARCH † www.fasebj.org LPA 1 receptor–mediated thromboxane A 2 release is responsible for lysophosphatidic acid-induced vascular smooth muscle contraction Peter Tibor Dancs,*´ Eva Ruisanchez,* Andrea Balogh,´ † Cec´ılia Rita Panta,* Zsuzsanna Miklos,*´ Rolf M. Nusing,¨ ‡ Junken Aoki,§ Jerold Chun,{Stefan … Uses a model to explain muscle contraction. The most widely utilized cardiac biomarkers in dogs and cats are B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI). A muscle twitch has three phases (figure 7.10). Results: Results reveal that instrumentation of the venous system with cannulas or flow probes alters vascular mechanics so that the muscle … For each afferent fiber, the approximate location of its receptor within the muscle was determined. It was found that the duration of the action potential (within limits of about 20%) depends on the mode of contraction. An imbalance between these three nutrients can lead to muscle spasm. Cat had a muscle contraction attack May 12, 2016 3:31 PM Subscribe. Any of them can cause muscle contraction based on the location of smooth muscles. Vitamin D. Vitamin D works in conjunction with calcium and magnesium to control muscle contraction. When the pelvic limb is lifted off the ground, contraction of the Caudofemoralis causes the limb to abduct and the shank to extend by extending … Also called fasciculation, twitching is the minor contraction of muscles, in cats, it commonly occurs in the whiskers, nose and tail, but it can happen in any location. Muscle tone 1. This is one of the reasons we have AC supplied to our home and not DC, among ather obvious reasons. A short summary of this paper. Muscles function to produce force and motion. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), arterial blood pressure (AP), and heart rate (HR) were measured during isometric muscle contraction of a hindlimb in chloralose-anesthetized cats. 36 Full PDFs related to this paper. When a muscle contracts against a load, it performs work.This means that energy is transferred from themuscle to the external load to lift an object to a greater height or to overcome resistance to movement.. Magnesium. The major microminerals are iron, zinc, copper, and selenium. One of the most common and agonizing types of muscle spasms is the “charley horse,” which causes cramping in the calf muscles so bad that it … J. Physiol. Disorder in Excitation-Contraction Coupling of Cardiac Muscle from Cats with Experimentally Produced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy By Raimun L Kaufmannd. In the initial period of development of reflex muscle contraction a weak autogenetic inhibitory effect on discharge of fusimotor neurons was found. This paper describes several of the mathematical models that have been used to study cardiac muscle contraction. Methods: Circular muscle strips (2.0 × 0.2 cm) were prepared from the corpus of cat stomach in order to measure isometric contraction in a chamber filled with Krebs-Ringer solution (pH 7.4, temperature 36°C) bubbled with 5% CO 2 in O 2. Contraction. scand. When we do a shorter quad, we have the pillows under the knees. In summary, we conclude that proinflammatory cytokines play an important pathophysiological role in experimental esophagitis in the cat and that IL-1β and IL-6, but not TNF-α, are present in the circular muscle layer and may contribute to reduced esophageal contraction in this model by inhibiting release of ACh from myenteric neurons. C-nitroso donors of nitric oxide. The contractile mechanism of smooth muscles is different from that of the skeletal muscles. The purpose of the present investi- gation was to determine the effect of cisapride on feline idiopathic megacolonic smooth muscle function. Cardiomyopathy is the name given to any disease affecting the heart muscle itself. Looking for medication to treat sudden uncontrolled muscle contraction with pain? Read more! They can be rapid or slow and can occur anywhere in Mitten's body; some are localized and some go throughout the body. Symptoms of muscle contraction disease in cats are very clear. Cat owners will be able to visibly see the disease causing the muscles of their feline’s legs, abdomen, head, neck or jaw to contract. The muscle contractions of myoclonus are usually short-lived, lasting just a few seconds from the time they started. It has been known that endothelin-1 (ET-1) exerts important actions in gastrointestinal smooth muscle motility, but its precise mechanism remains unsolved. This paper. By supplying pulses to different subdivisions of the ventral nerve roots in rotation it was possible to obtain smooth contractions of cat soleus with low rates of stimulation.2. Congenital myotonia has been seen in the cat. - "Distinct kinases are involved in contraction of cat esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter smooth muscles." If Rigor Mortis Muscle Contraction Case Study there are any minor Rigor Mortis Muscle Contraction Case Study things you would like to change, our writers will do it for free. Although stimulation of groups III and IV muscle afferents is believed to cause these reflex increases, the responses of these afferents to a level of static contraction that increases arterial pressure have not yet been determined. Constipation, the inability to routinely and easily evacuate the bowels is a common feline malady. Honjo et al. A 1-min contraction was evoked by stimulating the peripheral ends of the cut L 7 and S 1 ventral roots. etal muscle. Early Onset of Maximum Velocity of Shortening in the Heart Muscle of the Cat Pflügers Archiv vol. Usually, you will see muscle tremors of this sort when a cat has been exposed to some sort of toxin. Possible causes or contributing factors include: inappropriate diet, traumatic injury, infection, adverse reaction to medication, lack of access to drinking water, intestinal tumors, neurologic disease, and underlying metabolic … Researchers believe that megacolon is caused by a problem with contraction of the muscles in the colon. Learn how it ... A concentric muscle contraction is one of the three types of activation. The channels are nearly equally permeable to monovalent cations (Rb+:K+:Cs+:Na+:Li+ = 1.1:1.1:1.0:0.98:0.8) (1), but their Ca2+ permeability is low (2-4). Arachidonic acid increased the responses of group III afferents (n = 11) to contraction by 265% (from 0.17 ± 0.07 to 0.62 ± 0.24 … The most anterior muscle of the cat thigh is the sartorius. You can clearly see it in the shoulder blades but this happens through out her whole body. Active Myoclonus: Involuntary muscle contractions are triggered by a cat’s movement or wanting to … In 15 cats, the effect of PPADS on the reflex pressor, cardioaccelerator, and interstitial concentrations of PGE 2 were assessed before and during the intermittent static contraction of the left triceps surae muscles. Muscle tension, rise and time spinal cats occur in dynamic but not in static fusimo- course of muscle contraction being similar in the two tor neurons and should apply equally to decerebrate preparations, gave no reason to expect the consecu- cats. A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. The Isometric contraction is where the muscle contracts, but the joint does not move. ET-1 produced contraction of smooth muscle cells isolated by enzymatic digestion. The force produced by cat muscles over time with two stimuli separated by a short interval is approximately three times that produced by a twitch of cat muscles. Muscle contraction is an example of the conversion of the phosphate bond (chemical) energy of ATP to mechanical energy. In mathematical terms, work is defined by the following equation: Changes in fusimotor activity during repetitive lengthening muscle contractions in decerebrate cats. Reference Honjo, Ushiro, Haji, Nozoe and Matsui 11 To date, there is no evidence of a significant role of the tensor tympani muscle in middle-ear ventilation. It is not the same as the anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA), which is the area of the crossection of a muscle … The contraction of muscle occurs when the thin filaments slide past the thick filaments. an expellable balloon to reveal defecation-related muscle activities. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), arterial blood pressure (AP), and heart rate (HR) were measured during isometric muscle contraction of a hindlimb in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Cats have highly specialized teeth for the killing of prey and the tearing of meat. Most fusimotor neurons tested were found to be coactivated with motor units during reflex muscle contraction. Disease of the heart valves (causing ‘leaky’ valves which prevent the heart functioning normally) are an important and … Process of Passive Expiration. Isometric muscle contractions. Surgery for this contracture is relatively straight forward and very successful. Of course, all of these muscles are useless without an adequate blood supply linked into the anatomy the muscle system in order to power contraction of … Similarly to spontaneous LES tone, contraction of esophageal muscle in response to its endogenous neurotransmitter ACh is PKC dependent (10, 32, 53) and therefore may depend on activation of MAPKs. The gross morphology, innervation pattern and contraction properties of lumbar back muscles in the cat were investigated. Can anyone help figure out what happened to my cat? RSNA, renal blood flow velocity, and arterial pressure were measured simultaneously during isometric contraction of the hindlimb triceps surae muscle in eight chloralose-anesthetized cats. Therefore, in barbiturate-anesthetized cats we recorded the responses of group III muscle afferents to static contraction before and after arachidonic acid (1-2 mg ia) and/or indomethacin (5 mg/kg iv). Non-medical causes of twitching in cats This facilitation of force production by a second stimulus involves both increases in magnitude and duration of the contraction. It has also been suggested that severe prolonged retention of feces (as with constipation or obstipation) can stretch and damage the muscles of the colon, causing megacolon to develop. CAT and ion selectivity of channels carrying mICAT Several previous studies have addressed ion selectivity of channels carrying mICAT in intestinal smooth muscles. Normal and Potentiated Contractions of Cat Papillary Muscle Y. Christopher Chiu, Edmond W. Ballou, and Lincoln E. Ford The instantaneous force-velocity relations of cat papillary muscles were studied at different times in the twitch in normal and in postextrasystolic potentiated contractions. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) – this is the most common form of heart disease in cats and occurs where there is an increase in the thickness of the muscular wall of the heart. ‘The runner suffers severe muscle pain and cramp as well as crippling abdominal discomfort.’. We recorded nerve discharges rather than EMG since movement artifacts interfere with EMG recordings, especially when feces pass near the EAS muscle. The contraction properties of some facial muscles of the cat have been investigated. In conclusion, we have found in this study that in detrusor muscle cell signalling, detrusor muscle contraction to ACh in cat is mediated via muscarinic M 3 receptors – G q/11 protein coupling and involves the activation of PLC-β 1 and intracellular Ca 2+ … . READ PAPER. This reduces the volume of blood within the heart and also prevents the heart muscle relaxing properly between contractions. Congenital muscler disorders. The scalenus anterior muscle acts on the joints between the cervical vertebrae. Anorexia in cats may be associated with moderate to marked elevations in serum CK activity and should not be used directly for a diagnosis of myopathy until feeding has resumed. Phosphorus. Your photo also looks very similar to an elderly cat at the sanctuary where I volunteer. Static muscle contraction was induced by electrical stimulation of the L7 and S1 ventral roots of the spinal cord in anesthesized cats. Tremors concentrated in one area tend to occur in the head or hind legs. Addeddate 2014-11-06 21:56:53 Boxid IA1113002 Curatenote color: Problematic sound: Good synch: Good notes: Red balance is a little high. Colonic tissue was obtained from seven healthy male and female adult cats and seven healthy male and female kittens. Vertebrate muscle is composed of two types of filaments, thick and thin. A 1-min contraction was evoked by stimulating the peripheral ends of the cut L7 and S1 ventral roots. Blood flow and oxygen uptake increase with total power during five different knee-extension contraction rates. c-Fos expression in the medulla induced by static muscle contraction in cats. Partial under the muscle implant placement results in an 8-12% lifetime risk of capsular contracture, as opposed to a 12-18% lifetime risk of capsular contracture with over the muscle … To increase vitamin D, spend a few minutes each day in the sunshine, consume adequate amounts of fortified dairy or soy products, or take a good … Creatine kinase (CK) is a “leakage” enzyme present in high concentrations in the cytoplasm of myocytes (skeletal and cardiac primarily) and brain and is the most widely used enzyme for evaluation of muscular disease. The contraction of abductor muscles move limbs away from the midline of the body, while the contraction of adductor muscles move limbs back toward the body’s midline. Your body is composed of three types of muscle: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. This disease of skeletal muscle is characterized by involuntary active contraction of a muscle that persists after some sort of voluntary effort or stimulation of the muscle. 324 1971 pp. Muscle contraction is made possible by the release of calcium from storage within the muscle cell (in a structure called the “sarcoplasmic reticulum”). Myexperiments were made in cats ancesthetised by subcutaneous injections of urethane and subsequently with chloroform-ether. Item Preview > The anterior roots of the 6th and 7th lumbar investigated pressure changes in the middle ear of cats; the authors found that tensor tympani muscle contraction did not result in any pressure rise. However, these responses are not identical. Abstract CARLSON, H , Morphologj und contraction properties of cat lumbar back mrrscles. 2. A lever from the thin filament detaches from the thick filament, moves down the thick strand, re-attaches, then flexes and pulls the strand shorter. Muscle spasms are involuntary contractions of one or more muscles. Instead, the urethral tone may vary, due to the fact that the external urethral sphincter tone is generally lost as a consequence of pudendal nerve lesions, but the internal urethral … Longissimus muscle (musculus longissimus) The longissimus muscle is a long intrinsic muscle of the back.Along with spinalis and iliocostalis, these three muscles comprise the erector spinae group.The erector spinae is a large musculotendinous complex that runs along the entire length of the vertebral … This type of contraction is used when your muscle stays in a single position and the attached joint doesn’t move. This disease of skeletal muscle is characterized by involuntary active contraction of a muscle that persists after some sort of voluntary effort or stimulation of the muscle. ... is a cardiac-specific protein involved in cardiomyocyte contraction and … We investigated the intracellular mechanism of ET-1-induced circular smooth muscle cell contraction in cat esophagus. ... but the heart increases production and secretion in response to excessive stretching of heart muscle cells. Seizure disorders in cats are symptoms for different medical conditions.Seizures can be caused by a large variety of factors including parasites, epilepsy or head injuries. Oxytocin is responsible for the physical mechanisms involved in mammalian birth. 1. Produces unrestrained reflex activity of skeletal muscles & autonomic nervous system. Discipline: Accounting. Flaccid bladder with poor detrusor tone due to damage to the pelvic nerve or its sacral segments is often observed in cats with tail pull injury. In muscles, CK functions by making ATP available for contraction by phosphorylating ADP from … ... in the medulla after static muscle contraction induced by stimulation of L7 and S1 ventral roots of the spinal cord in anesthetized cats. Work Output During Muscle Contraction. The three main types of muscle include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The use of "under the muscle" placement: Placing implants under the chest muscles can significantly lower the risk of capsular contracture. 1978. It is typically used to describe the contraction properties of pennate muscles. Depending on the position of the head and the type of muscle contraction, the scalenus anterior can produce the following movements: When the costal attachment is fixed, bilateral contraction of the muscles causes the flexion … In cats with idiopathic megacolon, cisapride stimulated contractions of longitudinal smooth muscle from both the ascending and the descending colon. The contractile capacity of these cells depends on the association of actin filaments and myosin II motor protein filaments in the … In cardiac muscle, the process of excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) describes the chain of events that links action potential induced myocyte membrane depolarization, surface membrane ion channel activation, triggering of Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ store to … The so called “power stroke” occurs by what I would call a lever action. “Tonus is status of contraction of resting muscle” • Muller 1833 A state of partial contraction that is characteristic of normal muscle, is maintained at least in part by a continuous bombardment of motor impulses originating reflexively, and serves to maintain body posture. Control of Motor-Unit Tension by Rate Modulation During Sustained Contractions in Reinnervated Cat Muscle T. C. COPE, C. B. WEBB, AND B. R. BOTTERMAN &purtmcnt Of’Physiologv and Biophysics, llahnemann University, Philudelphiu, Pennsylvania 19102; and Department ofCell Bioloiy and Nc&xience, University of’ Tedxus Southwestern Medicul Center, Dallas, ‘Texas 75235 .
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