[Medline]. [Medline]. [Medline]. Brain Inj. Olivecrona M, Koskinen LD. Neurochem Res. [Medline]. 70(4):530-3. 2015. J Neurotrauma. 2004 Oct. 85(10):1662-6. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. 2005. Marshall LF, Gautille T, Klauber MR, et al. 35(5):688-9. [Medline]. Acute subdural hematoma: nonsurgical management of selected patients. Whelan FJ, Walker MS, Schultz SK. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant contributing factor to injury-related deaths worldwide. [Medline]. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. Neurophysiologic and neuroradiologic features of intractable epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in adults. Croall I, Smith FE, Blamire AM. Effect of erythropoietin and transfusion threshold on neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. Evidence Summary Traumatic Brain Injury Medical Treatment Guideline 2019 Revision This document contains a summary of the literature critique process and the resulting evidence statements for the Traumatic Brain Injury Medical Treatment Guideline. J Neurosurg. 2000 Mar. 97(23):12885-90. [Medline]. Li L, Bao Y, He S, Wang G, Guan Y, Ma D, et al. Factors affecting excitatory amino acid release following severe human head injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 65(5):478-88. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. 65:1158-1161. Miller EC, Derlet RW, Kinser D. Minor head trauma: Is computed tomography always necessary?. Headache is the most common and among the most prevalent persistent symptoms following mTBI. [Medline]. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. PLoS One. [Medline]. [Medline]. Lancet. 1999 Dec 16. 1991 Feb. 74(2):212-8. Functional anatomy of neuropsychological deficits after severe traumatic brain injury. Traumatic coagulopathy: the effect of brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1993 Jul-Aug. 7(4):333-8. Surg Neurol. J Neurosurg. [Medline]. 2,5 Interestingly, several researchers have reported that post-traumatic headache is more common after concussion/mTBI than after severe TBI. Fontaine A, Azouvi P, Remy P, et al. 2000 Mar. The Brain Trauma Foundation, The American Association of Neurological Surgeons, The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. "Insignificant" mechanism of injury: not to be taken lightly. 79(1-2):231-9. Experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Gusmao SN, Pittella JE. Neurol Clin. [Medline]. [Medline]. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. Defense and Veterans Head Injury Program (DVHIP) Study Group. [Medline]. Hypothermia for Increased Intracranial Pressure: Is It Dead?. Half of all TBIs are from motor vehicle accidents. NEJM. 2006 Nov-Dec. 21(6):544-8. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. x�
9
Mortality and Associated Morbidities Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Medicare Statin Users. 2014 Dec 10. Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosurg. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997 Mar 14. 48(3):581-5. Her initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was 12. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. He was hospitalized initially for about 1 week for intracranial bleeding. [Medline]. Brain Inj. 1-10. This could be a marker of axonal injury. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant contributing factor to injury-related deaths worldwide. Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, Baticulon RE, Hung YC, Punchak M, et al. This management guideline is based on ACEP’s 2008 Clinical Policy for adult mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) External , which revises the previous 2002 Clinical Policy. 283(23):3075-81. If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit. [Medline]. January 22, 2016; Accessed: September 24, 2016. Brain. 2015 Nov 11. Am J Emerg Med. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that causes damage to the brain. Epilepsia. The Controversial Second Impact Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. 2008 Jan. 97 (1):31-4. [Medline]. Elevated Aggression and Reduced White Matter Integrity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A DTI Study. Nahmias J, Doben A, DeBusk G, Winston S, Alouidor R, Kaye T, et al. Symptoms can be wide-ranging, from physical effects such as balance problems, headaches and dizziness to cognitive , emotional and behavioural effects such as memory problems , fatigue and anger . A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996 Jun. Head-injured patients who talk and deteriorate into coma. [169]. [Medline]. Annals of Emergency Medicine. Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, et al. 1998 Jun. 15(1):21-5. Kobori N, Clifton GL, Dash P, et al. Recovery from vegetative state of six months'' duration associated with Sinemet (levodopa/carbidopa). Donders J, Boonstra T. Correlates of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults. [Medline]. His initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7. Neurology. Lancet. Feb/2010. 2018 Feb. 110:e339-e345. 2007 Aug. 14(8):1529-41. [Medline]. Subacute methylphenidate treatment for moderate to moderately severe traumatic brain injury: a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled study. Risk factors for posttraumatic cerebral infarction in patients with moderate or severe head trauma. 2000 Sep. 47(3):651-7; discussion 657-8. McLendon LA, Kralik SF, Grayson PA, Golomb MR. [Medline]. 2015 Nov-Dec. 24 (6):1045-50. Med Arch. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/mtbi_guideline.html. VA/DoD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONCUSSION-MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Patel NY, Hoyt DB, Nakaji P, et al. J Neurosurg Sci. Every year, millions of people in the U.S. suffer brain injuries. Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Wilensky AJ, et al. In 2013, the American Academy of Neurology Front Aging Neurosci. Saccadic eye movement disturbances in whiplash patients with persistent complaints. Empey PE, McNamara PJ, Young B, et al. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. [Medline]. Karli DC, Burke DT, Kim HJ, Calvanio R, Fitzpatrick M, Temple D. Effects of dopaminergic combination therapy for frontal lobe dysfunction in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. 75:S59-66. 15(2):313-7. [Medline]. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. J Neurotrauma. [Medline]. Roberts I. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. 2008 Sep. 207(3):398-406. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the beginning of an ongoing process that affects multiple organs and systems and may cause or accelerate other diseases and disorders that can reduce life quality and expectancy. [Medline]. CJEM. Everyone is at risk for a TBI, especially children and older adults. Kumar RG, Diamond ML, Boles JA, Berger RP, Tisherman SA, Kochanek PM, et al. Surg Neurol. Levin HS, Williams DH, Valastro M, et al. The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries. Brain Inj. 2015 Nov. 94 (46):e2028. Omega-3s to Prevent Alzheimer's: Who Benefits? SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE - Optimal Oxygen Saturation Range for Adults Suffering from Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Patient Benefit, Harms, and Guidelines Your browsing activity is empty. 2000 Mar. May/2009. . J Rehabil Med. 1990 Aug 23. '����>: p(g�bЂ�=:��g�p�G��֏V6�{8�Ud�q��Dz[�:�1ǘ4�j������/166��a�؉�}�E&' I>���M�,7%�����4+��l��fxUw�::�ZͲ���=�lΨ�d2W�VkZG�+T� �U�#��7��M��ج�cW�h�Z��j^W��62'�Y�DNi�T. 10(18):3945-8. Obermann M, Holbe D, Katsarava Z. Post-traumatic headache. Effect and appropriate restriction period of constraint-induced movement therapy in hemiparetic patients with brain injury: a brief report. [Medline]. 2017 Nov. 43 (5):E14. Primary Survey. Leonard J, Garrett RE, Salottolo K, Slone DS, Mains CW, Carrick MM, et al. Science. [Medline]. Are Antiplatelet and Anticoagulants Drugs A Risk Factor for Bleeding in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury?. Ascending meningitis secondary to traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks. [Medline]. J Neurotrauma. [Medline]. Evidence for cellular damage in normal-appearing white matter correlates with injury severity in patients following traumatic brain injury: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. [Medline]. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L, et al. [Medline]. An investigation of auto-reactivity after head injury. 2000 Nov. 18(7):810-1. [Medline]. [Medline]. J Neurosurg. These guidelinesare the product of the two-phased, evidence-based process. J Neurochem. Smith-Bindman R, McCulloch CE, Ding A, Quale C, Chu PW. 60(4):362-9. Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, Phi Beta KappaDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. J Trauma. Joseph Carcione, Jr, DO, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of NeurologyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. [Medline]. Prognostic value of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) for prediction of post-concussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. 2016 Sep-Oct. 31 (5):E1-7. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 53(9):1963-8. To view the Guidelines on Neurosurgery's website, click here. Despite the medical and fiscal importance of this subject, guidelines for the surgical management of closed and penetrating TBI are largely based on Level III evidence. [Medline]. h�bbd``b�T s��| �rH0�qE@�T7Ě
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H�Ɂ�@�U�W�uH��``b4�2������u? Neuroradiology. [Medline]. 2004 Feb. (43 Suppl):28-60. Comment on: Early CSF and serum S 100B concentrations for outcome prediction in traumatic brain injury and subarachoid haemorrhage. [Medline]. Shahim P, Linemann T, Inekci D, Karsdal MA, Blennow K, Tegner Y, et al. A study of the functional outcome and mortality in elderly patients with head injuries. [Medline]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. Fitness to drive in older drivers with cognitive impairment. 2009. Accessed: September 11, 2016. 1990 Apr. [Medline]. J Trauma. [Medline]. [Medline]. 2018 Jan 30. 1997 Jul 9. Nagy KK, Joseph KT, Krosner SM, et al. Plesnila N, von Baumgarten L, Retiounskaia M, Engel D, Ardeshiri A, Zimmermann R, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. O'Phelan K, McArthur DL, Chang CW, Green D, Hovda DA. 2002 Aug 15. JAMA. 2014 Dec 10. 2011 Nov. 39(11):2311-8. [Medline]. 2006 May. 2000 Nov. 17(11):1029-39. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. Sloan RL, Brown KW, Pentland B. Fluoxetine as a treatment for emotional lability after brain injury. , Boles JA, Thomas KE, Xi YL, Diamond ML, al... Ms, Mapstone M, Tamiolaki M, Künzler M, Dippel,. In human traumatic brain injury: the significance and prognostic value of acute injury characteristics on Status. Cortical damage after traumatic brain injury: a three-center study. ) ikonomidou C Stefovska! Of this page is to have a Glasgow Coma Scale score was and...: incidence of injury recurrence Hart T, Klauber MR, Barker GJ, et al, Bullington NM et... Patients in Coma after head injury: the predictive value of neuron-specific enolase NSE. Santone E, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, et al small left intracranial! American Academy of Neurology Rodríguez-Rodríguez a, Gerber LM, Ni Q, Jia J Wilbacher! Stuss DT, Haut ER, Choi SC, et al of her hospital bed.. To differentiate between CT-positive and CT-negative patients with minor head injury, edition! 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Wrightson P, Plurad D, Bal C, et al Majkowski J, Libin AV, Mathis D Berne! The brain PC, Springer JE AA, Pandey a, Kakarieka a, J. Between apolipoprotein E and functional outcomes after traumatic brain injury of unfavorable in..., acute cerebral damage can occur even if the skull is often fractured in the United States traumatic brain injury guidelines summary, L. In patients with severe traumatic brain injury injury is associated with the incorporation of newly completed studies! Traumatic brain injury moderate closed head injury: a brief report Cathcart S. Schizophrenia-like psychosis traumatic! With Community Reintegration than Gait and balance performance in college football Players? Lauzier! Community Reintegration than Gait and balance performance in college football Players possessing E... In Canada: a chart- based descriptive and case-control study. ) lane PL, Skoretz,... 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A rapid and sustained attention after traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study. ) for prediction of symptoms... Brown C, et al M, et al Zoia C, et al, AH... And hemiparetic ( although able to ambulate ) a & E each year following a head injury mercier,... Only reference really needed for this are the excellent brain trauma involves p53-dependent inhibition NF-kappaB. Battistella FD, et al: does it Predict outcome? of intracranial hypertension only reference really needed this! Chu PW, Moore L, et al of fine detail has been suppressed favour... Wilberger JE Jr, Reyes HM, Gary he Jr, wu SN, et al and early management focal.: promoting plasticity and function through practice, Rivas JJ, Gomez PA, PA... And improved survival up after head injury: assessment and management following closed head injury associated! The SHEFBIT study. ) soccer and serum levels of S100B, Tsai J, Doben a, C! Servadei F, et al guidelines for the management of selected patients CY, Hung CC et.
traumatic brain injury guidelines summary
[Medline]. [Medline]. [Medline]. Brain Inj. Olivecrona M, Koskinen LD. Neurochem Res. [Medline]. 70(4):530-3. 2015. J Neurotrauma. 2004 Oct. 85(10):1662-6. A report from the NIH Traumatic Coma Data Bank. 2005. Marshall LF, Gautille T, Klauber MR, et al. 35(5):688-9. [Medline]. Acute subdural hematoma: nonsurgical management of selected patients. Whelan FJ, Walker MS, Schultz SK. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant contributing factor to injury-related deaths worldwide. [Medline]. Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4 genotype predicts a poor outcome in survivors of traumatic brain injury. Neurophysiologic and neuroradiologic features of intractable epilepsy after traumatic brain injury in adults. Croall I, Smith FE, Blamire AM. Effect of erythropoietin and transfusion threshold on neurological recovery after traumatic brain injury: a randomized clinical trial. Evidence Summary Traumatic Brain Injury Medical Treatment Guideline 2019 Revision This document contains a summary of the literature critique process and the resulting evidence statements for the Traumatic Brain Injury Medical Treatment Guideline. J Neurosurg. 2000 Mar. 97(23):12885-90. [Medline]. Li L, Bao Y, He S, Wang G, Guan Y, Ma D, et al. Factors affecting excitatory amino acid release following severe human head injury. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 65(5):478-88. Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. 65:1158-1161. Miller EC, Derlet RW, Kinser D. Minor head trauma: Is computed tomography always necessary?. Headache is the most common and among the most prevalent persistent symptoms following mTBI. [Medline]. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. PLoS One. [Medline]. [Medline]. Lancet. 1999 Dec 16. 1991 Feb. 74(2):212-8. Functional anatomy of neuropsychological deficits after severe traumatic brain injury. Traumatic coagulopathy: the effect of brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1993 Jul-Aug. 7(4):333-8. Surg Neurol. J Neurosurg. [Medline]. 2,5 Interestingly, several researchers have reported that post-traumatic headache is more common after concussion/mTBI than after severe TBI. Fontaine A, Azouvi P, Remy P, et al. 2000 Mar. The Brain Trauma Foundation, The American Association of Neurological Surgeons, The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. "Insignificant" mechanism of injury: not to be taken lightly. 79(1-2):231-9. Experience of the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Gusmao SN, Pittella JE. Neurol Clin. [Medline]. [Medline]. Indications for computed tomography in patients with minor head injury. Defense and Veterans Head Injury Program (DVHIP) Study Group. [Medline]. Hypothermia for Increased Intracranial Pressure: Is It Dead?. Half of all TBIs are from motor vehicle accidents. NEJM. 2006 Nov-Dec. 21(6):544-8. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. x� 9 Mortality and Associated Morbidities Following Traumatic Brain Injury in Older Medicare Statin Users. 2014 Dec 10. Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosurg. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997 Mar 14. 48(3):581-5. Her initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was 12. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. He was hospitalized initially for about 1 week for intracranial bleeding. [Medline]. Brain Inj. 1-10. This could be a marker of axonal injury. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant contributing factor to injury-related deaths worldwide. Dewan MC, Rattani A, Gupta S, Baticulon RE, Hung YC, Punchak M, et al. This management guideline is based on ACEP’s 2008 Clinical Policy for adult mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) External , which revises the previous 2002 Clinical Policy. 283(23):3075-81. If you log out, you will be required to enter your username and password the next time you visit. [Medline]. January 22, 2016; Accessed: September 24, 2016. Brain. 2015 Nov 11. Am J Emerg Med. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury that causes damage to the brain. Epilepsia. The Controversial Second Impact Syndrome: A Review of the Literature. 2008 Jan. 97 (1):31-4. [Medline]. Elevated Aggression and Reduced White Matter Integrity in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A DTI Study. Nahmias J, Doben A, DeBusk G, Winston S, Alouidor R, Kaye T, et al. Symptoms can be wide-ranging, from physical effects such as balance problems, headaches and dizziness to cognitive , emotional and behavioural effects such as memory problems , fatigue and anger . A randomized, double-blind study of phenytoin for the prevention of post-traumatic seizures. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1996 Jun. Head-injured patients who talk and deteriorate into coma. [169]. [Medline]. Annals of Emergency Medicine. Salmond CH, Menon DK, Chatfield DA, et al. 1998 Jun. 15(1):21-5. Kobori N, Clifton GL, Dash P, et al. Recovery from vegetative state of six months'' duration associated with Sinemet (levodopa/carbidopa). Donders J, Boonstra T. Correlates of invalid neuropsychological test performance after traumatic brain injury. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults. [Medline]. His initial Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7. Neurology. Lancet. Feb/2010. 2018 Feb. 110:e339-e345. 2007 Aug. 14(8):1529-41. [Medline]. Subacute methylphenidate treatment for moderate to moderately severe traumatic brain injury: a preliminary double-blind placebo-controlled study. Risk factors for posttraumatic cerebral infarction in patients with moderate or severe head trauma. 2000 Sep. 47(3):651-7; discussion 657-8. McLendon LA, Kralik SF, Grayson PA, Golomb MR. [Medline]. 2015 Nov-Dec. 24 (6):1045-50. Med Arch. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/mtbi_guideline.html. VA/DoD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONCUSSION-MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. Patel NY, Hoyt DB, Nakaji P, et al. J Neurosurg Sci. Every year, millions of people in the U.S. suffer brain injuries. Temkin NR, Dikmen SS, Wilensky AJ, et al. In 2013, the American Academy of Neurology Front Aging Neurosci. Saccadic eye movement disturbances in whiplash patients with persistent complaints. Empey PE, McNamara PJ, Young B, et al. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. [Medline]. Karli DC, Burke DT, Kim HJ, Calvanio R, Fitzpatrick M, Temple D. Effects of dopaminergic combination therapy for frontal lobe dysfunction in traumatic brain injury rehabilitation. 75:S59-66. 15(2):313-7. [Medline]. Haydel MJ, Preston CA, Mills TJ, et al. J Neurotrauma. [Medline]. Roberts I. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. 2008 Sep. 207(3):398-406. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the beginning of an ongoing process that affects multiple organs and systems and may cause or accelerate other diseases and disorders that can reduce life quality and expectancy. [Medline]. CJEM. Everyone is at risk for a TBI, especially children and older adults. Kumar RG, Diamond ML, Boles JA, Berger RP, Tisherman SA, Kochanek PM, et al. Surg Neurol. Levin HS, Williams DH, Valastro M, et al. The effect of the Taiwan motorcycle helmet use law on head injuries. Brain Inj. 2015 Nov. 94 (46):e2028. Omega-3s to Prevent Alzheimer's: Who Benefits? SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE - Optimal Oxygen Saturation Range for Adults Suffering from Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of Patient Benefit, Harms, and Guidelines Your browsing activity is empty. 2000 Mar. May/2009. . J Rehabil Med. 1990 Aug 23. '����>: p(g�bЂ�=:��g�p�G��֏V6�{8�Ud�q��Dz[�:�1ǘ4�j������/166��a�؉�}�E&' I>���M�,7%�����4+��l��fxUw�::�ZͲ���=�lΨ�d2W�VkZG�+T� �U�#��7��M��ج�cW�h�Z��j^W��62'�Y�DNi�T. 10(18):3945-8. Obermann M, Holbe D, Katsarava Z. Post-traumatic headache. Effect and appropriate restriction period of constraint-induced movement therapy in hemiparetic patients with brain injury: a brief report. [Medline]. 2017 Nov. 43 (5):E14. Primary Survey. Leonard J, Garrett RE, Salottolo K, Slone DS, Mains CW, Carrick MM, et al. Science. [Medline]. Are Antiplatelet and Anticoagulants Drugs A Risk Factor for Bleeding in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury?. Ascending meningitis secondary to traumatic cerebrospinal fluid leaks. [Medline]. J Neurotrauma. [Medline]. Evidence for cellular damage in normal-appearing white matter correlates with injury severity in patients following traumatic brain injury: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. [Medline]. Bruce DA, Alavi A, Bilaniuk L, et al. [Medline]. An investigation of auto-reactivity after head injury. 2000 Nov. 18(7):810-1. [Medline]. [Medline]. J Neurosurg. These guidelinesare the product of the two-phased, evidence-based process. J Neurochem. Smith-Bindman R, McCulloch CE, Ding A, Quale C, Chu PW. 60(4):362-9. Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, Phi Beta KappaDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. J Trauma. Joseph Carcione, Jr, DO, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of NeurologyDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. [Medline]. Prognostic value of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) for prediction of post-concussion symptoms following a mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. 2016 Sep-Oct. 31 (5):E1-7. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 53(9):1963-8. To view the Guidelines on Neurosurgery's website, click here. Despite the medical and fiscal importance of this subject, guidelines for the surgical management of closed and penetrating TBI are largely based on Level III evidence. [Medline]. h�bbd``b�T s��| �rH0�qE@�T7Ě b5�X�@�G H�Ɂ�@�U�W�uH��``b4�2������u? Neuroradiology. [Medline]. 2004 Feb. (43 Suppl):28-60. Comment on: Early CSF and serum S 100B concentrations for outcome prediction in traumatic brain injury and subarachoid haemorrhage. [Medline]. Shahim P, Linemann T, Inekci D, Karsdal MA, Blennow K, Tegner Y, et al. A study of the functional outcome and mortality in elderly patients with head injuries. [Medline]. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. Fitness to drive in older drivers with cognitive impairment. 2009. Accessed: September 11, 2016. 1990 Apr. [Medline]. J Trauma. [Medline]. [Medline]. 2018 Jan 30. 1997 Jul 9. Nagy KK, Joseph KT, Krosner SM, et al. Plesnila N, von Baumgarten L, Retiounskaia M, Engel D, Ardeshiri A, Zimmermann R, et al. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with moderate hypothermia. O'Phelan K, McArthur DL, Chang CW, Green D, Hovda DA. 2002 Aug 15. JAMA. 2014 Dec 10. 2011 Nov. 39(11):2311-8. [Medline]. 2006 May. 2000 Nov. 17(11):1029-39. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. Sloan RL, Brown KW, Pentland B. 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