Today, coral reefs face a multitude of human-caused threats that include pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing, mismanaged tourism, and the impacts of climate change. Coral reefs harbour the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem globally and directly support over 500 million people worldwide, mostly in poor countries. “We are seeing ecosystems transition to new blends of species that have never coexisted, and it’s not yet clear how long it takes for these systems to reach equilibrium,” said co-author Satoshi Mitarai, an associate professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University who earned his doctorate at the UW. If you're trying to subscribe with a non-UW email address, please email uwnews@uw.edu for assistance. The researchers found that the number of young corals on tropical reefs has declined by 85% — and doubled on subtropical reefs — during the last four decades. Coral reefs are facing a steep decline today for many reasons, including climate change, overfishing, pollution, disease, and more. Some of the new Caribbean protections overlap with those already in place for threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals, which have been devastated by white band disease. Price wants to investigate the relationships and diversity of species in new reefs to understand the dynamics of these evolving ecosystems. Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. “Climate change seems to be redistributing coral reefs, the same way it is shifting many other marine species,” said lead author Nichole Price, a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine. Proposals cite climate change as most severe threat to US reefs, which may be in danger of disappearing in some places, Last modified on Fri 4 Dec 2020 12.08 EST. The chemicals in each layer reflect conditions in the ocean when the layer formed. ; They are among the most threatened ecosystems on Earth, largely due to unprecedented global warming and climate changes, combined with growing local pressures. Fishing and land-based pollution have also contributed to the species’ decline. This is because most reef-building corals contain photosynthetic algae, called zooxanthellae, which live in … “Mitigation of local stressors can increase resilience to climate change impacts,” said Katie Cramer, a marine conservation ecologist with Arizona State University. Impacts of the climate crisis include ocean acidification, which hinders the ability of corals to grow, and ocean warming, which causes corals to expel the algae living in their tissues in a phenomenon known as coral bleaching. The researchers, an international group from 17 institutions in six countries, compiled a global database of studies dating back to 1974, when record-keeping began. Coral bleaching in early 2020 was the second most severe on record. Photograph by Greg Lecoeur, Nat Geo Image Collection Science A coral reef.Nichole Price/Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, “The results of this paper highlight the importance of truly long-term studies documenting change in coral reef communities,” said co-author Peter Edmunds, a professor at California State University, Northridge. For example, human-induced global climate change may be causing an increase in ocean temperatures. Coral reefs are intricately interconnected systems, and it is the interplay between species that enables their healthy functioning. What's taking their place is lots and lots of seaweed. The coral reef that protects their town — an undersea forest of living limestone branches that blunted the storm’s destructive power — had taken a beating. In fact, scientists estimate that we’ve already lost as much as half of all coral reefs since 1980, and some fear that we could lose the rest in just 30 years. Four of these species belong to the reef-building genus Acropora, an important group that has proven particularly vulnerable to human stressors. As the coral reef crisis deepens, the international community will need to intensify efforts to combine and synthesize results as we have been able to accomplish with this study.”. “The critical habitat designation in and of itself isn’t going to protect corals from climate change directly, but it does prevent certain potentially destructive activities from occurring in these habitats,” he said. “Corals might still bleach but they’re more likely to survive.”. The yearly average rainfall varies depending upon the location of the coral reef. Most reef-building corals also require very saline (salty) water ranging from 32 to 42 parts per thousand. Humidity and rainfall are at a minimum during these months and sunny days dominate. Changes in precipitation: increased runoff of freshwater, sediment, and land-based pollutants contribute to algal blooms and cause murky water conditions that reduce light. Feb. 19, 2019 — A new study reports that protecting coral reefs from fishing and pollution does not help coral populations cope with climate change. It is called the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, covers nearly 133,000 square miles and is home to more than 1,500 species of fish, 411 species of hard corals and dozens of other species. “We spend a lot of time lamenting the loss of coral reefs, but we need to remember there’s still a lot left to lose.”. Coral reefs are retreating from equatorial waters and establishing new reefs in more temperate regions, according to new research published July 4 in the journal Marine Ecology Progress Series. “This study is a great example of the importance of collaborating internationally to assess global trends associated with climate change and project future ecological interactions,” said co-author Jacqueline Padilla-Gamiño, an assistant professor at the University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Proposals cite climate change as most severe threat to US reefs, which may be in danger of disappearing in some places Last modified on Fri 4 Dec 2020 12.08 EST In … Climate change that has lead to shrinking glaciers, increasing fires, floods and droughts, and the bleaching of coral reefs are among the troubles … “The changes we are seeing in coral reef ecosystems are mind-boggling, and we need to work hard to document how these systems work and learn what we can do to save them before it’s too late.”. “I don’t like to say that reefs in Florida are on their last legs, but if we don’t increase our efforts to save them soon, they will be,” said Andrew Baker, a marine biologist with the University of Miami who specializes in the impact of climate change on coral reefs. “The trends we identified in this analysis are exceptionally difficult to detect, yet of the greatest importance in understanding how reefs will change in the coming decades. Baker called habitat protections “a necessary but insufficient step” for helping coral species threatened by climate change. Marine biologist Emma Camp studies the planet's most resilient corals, hoping they can one day be used to replenish reefs degraded by climate change. “The critical habitat protections are fantastic for these corals,” said Miyoko Sakashita, Oceans Director for the environmental nonprofit Center for Biological Diversity. © 2020 University of Washington | Seattle, WA, Coral reefs shifting away from equator, new study finds, Peter Edmunds/University of California Northridge, Nichole Price/Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Warm oceans helped first human migration from Asia to North America, Round 2 of Washington study underway to determine food, economic insecurity during pandemic, NSF-funded deep ice core to be drilled at Hercules Dome, Antarctica. The rules cite climate change as the most severe threat to all 12 coral species across their range. These subtropical reefs could provide refuge for other species challenged by climate change and new opportunities to protect these fledgling ecosystems. The NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program was established in 2000 by the Coral Reef Conservation Act. One of the most significant clues to climate in coral comes from the chemistry of the bands. “It obviously took a lawsuit to compel protections.”. For example, the most rainfall on the Great Barrier Reef occurs in the rainy season, which starts in September and ends in March. Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps.Coral species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.. A coral "group" is a colony of myriad genetically identical polyps. Changes in storm patterns: leads to stronger and more frequent storms that can cause the destruction of coral reefs. We bring together expertise from across NOAA for a multidisciplinary approach to managing and understanding coral reef ecosystems. “So many questions remain about which species are and are not making it to these new locations, and we don’t yet know the fate of these young corals over longer time frames,” Price said. The protections in the Caribbean would cover 5,900 sq miles (15,000 sq km) of critical habitat for five threatened corals off the coast of Florida, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. The most diverse coral reef is found around Indonesia. Human-caused climate change is causing an "utter tragedy" to one of the world's largest coral reef systems, according to Australian researchers. This post was adapted from a Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences news release. . The exact composition of most new reefs is currently unknown, due to the expense of collecting genetic and species diversity data. It extends over 1,200 miles and it is a great attraction for many tourists that come to this area. Threats to coral reef ecosystems. Believe it or not, you can actually see this coral reef biome from space! New coral reefs grow when larvae settle on suitable seafloor away from the reef where they originated. These include iconic species like pillar coral, mountainous star coral and lobed star coral. Action is crucial to save the nation’s reefs. The research team examined latitudes up to 35 degrees north and south of the equator, and found that the expansion of coral reefs is perfectly mirrored on either side. The Tropical North has an average rainfall of 2010mm (an average of 168mm per month). The largest coral reef biome in the world is found in the Northeast of Australia. The Center for Biological Diversity sued the Trump administration over lack of habitat protections for these species in August 2019, five years after the corals were initially listed under the Endangered Species Act in 2014. A recent report found that the coast of Florida today retains just 2% of its original coral cover, and Caribbean corals are currently in the midst of a disease outbreak. The Coral Reef Conservation Program is a partnership between the NOAA Line Offices that work on coral reef issues. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. The water must also be clear so that a maximum amount of light penetrates it. The new habitat protections will help regulate local threats to corals like overfishing, pollution, and dredging operations. Environment | News releases | Research | Science, Corals and kelp.Soyoka Muko/Nagasaki University. This is suspected to be a major culprit of coral loss. In a long-awaited move from the Trump administration, the US has proposed critical habitat protections for twelve coral species in the Caribbean and Pacific Ocean. “Habitat protections are one of the key things that corals need to safeguard their survival.”. The nights are cooler but not cold, with average nighttime temperatures at between 10 - 15 degrees Celsius. “Imperiled plants and animals are supposed to get habitat protections at the same time they are listed,” Sakashita said. Like the scaly coverings of foraminifera and other marine organisms, the ratio of heavy and light oxygen in coral growth bands provide a record of temperature and rainfall during the growing season. “It also provides a nugget of hope for the resilience and survival of coral reefs.”. The coral reef biome experiences an average yearly precipitation of 78.75 inches. “The lines are really starting to blur about what a native species is, and when ecosystems are functioning or falling apart.”, Young corals.Peter Edmunds/University of California Northridge. The coral reef that protects their town — an undersea forest of living limestone branches that blunted the storm’s destructive power — had taken a beating. Great Barrier Reef Weather Chart For more information on weather around the Great Barrier Reef visit the Bureau of Meteorology. Coral reefs are some of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world, and their annual economic value in the US exceeds $3bn a year, according to a Noaa report. A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals.Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate.Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.. Coral belongs to the class Anthozoa in the animal phylum Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones and jellyfish.Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard … “The clarity in this trend is stunning, but we don’t yet know whether the new reefs can support the incredible diversity of tropical systems.”. The paper assesses where and when “refugee corals” could settle in the future — potentially bringing new resources and opportunities such as fishing and tourism. The research, led by Dr Caitlin Lawson in the Climate Change Cluster at UTS, discovered that across the coral species studied on Heron Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef… Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. The temperatures are recorded as average maximums of (Celsius) 30 degrees and average minimums of (Celsius) 21 degrees. For more information, contact Padilla-Gamiño at jpgamino@uw.edu. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Coral reefs are retreating from equatorial waters and establishing new reefs in more temperate regions, according to new research published July 4 in the journal Marine Ecology Progress Series. This is allowing drifting coral larvae to settle and grow in new regions. This is an issue that goes to the core of the coral ecosystem’s ability to maintain homeostasis in the face of increasing climate change impacts and other anthropogenic pressures. The proposed protections in the Pacific cover 230 sq miles (600 sq km) of critical habitat for seven threatened corals around island territories including Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands. The researchers believe that only certain types of coral are able to reach these new locations, based on how far the microscopic larvae can swim and drift on currents before they run out of their limited fat stores. The rules would protect over 6,000 sq miles (nearly 16,000 sq km) of critical coral habitat. Climate change could destroy almost all of Earth's coral reef habitats by 2100, according to new research. A healthy coral reef in the Caribbean sea. They hope that other scientists will add to the database, making it increasingly comprehensive and useful to other research questions. We review the evidence for bio-regulation by coral reefs of local climate through stress-induced emissions of aerosol precursors, such as dimethylsulfide. Coral reefs account for one-third of all biodiversity in the oceans and are vital to humanity. Human activities have caused much of the destruction of the world’s coral reefs. The researchers found that the number of young corals on tropical reefs has declined by 85% — and doubled on subtropical reefs — during the last four decades. While good news, the planned protections have been slow to arrive. For many reasons, including climate change, overfishing, pollution, it! 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coral reef precipitation
Today, coral reefs face a multitude of human-caused threats that include pollution, overfishing and destructive fishing, mismanaged tourism, and the impacts of climate change. Coral reefs harbour the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem globally and directly support over 500 million people worldwide, mostly in poor countries. “We are seeing ecosystems transition to new blends of species that have never coexisted, and it’s not yet clear how long it takes for these systems to reach equilibrium,” said co-author Satoshi Mitarai, an associate professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University who earned his doctorate at the UW. If you're trying to subscribe with a non-UW email address, please email uwnews@uw.edu for assistance. The researchers found that the number of young corals on tropical reefs has declined by 85% — and doubled on subtropical reefs — during the last four decades. Coral reefs are facing a steep decline today for many reasons, including climate change, overfishing, pollution, disease, and more. Some of the new Caribbean protections overlap with those already in place for threatened elkhorn and staghorn corals, which have been devastated by white band disease. Price wants to investigate the relationships and diversity of species in new reefs to understand the dynamics of these evolving ecosystems. Global climate change is a change in the long-term weather patterns that characterize the regions of the world. “Climate change seems to be redistributing coral reefs, the same way it is shifting many other marine species,” said lead author Nichole Price, a senior research scientist at Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine. Proposals cite climate change as most severe threat to US reefs, which may be in danger of disappearing in some places, Last modified on Fri 4 Dec 2020 12.08 EST. The chemicals in each layer reflect conditions in the ocean when the layer formed. ; They are among the most threatened ecosystems on Earth, largely due to unprecedented global warming and climate changes, combined with growing local pressures. Fishing and land-based pollution have also contributed to the species’ decline. This is because most reef-building corals contain photosynthetic algae, called zooxanthellae, which live in … “Mitigation of local stressors can increase resilience to climate change impacts,” said Katie Cramer, a marine conservation ecologist with Arizona State University. Impacts of the climate crisis include ocean acidification, which hinders the ability of corals to grow, and ocean warming, which causes corals to expel the algae living in their tissues in a phenomenon known as coral bleaching. The researchers, an international group from 17 institutions in six countries, compiled a global database of studies dating back to 1974, when record-keeping began. Coral bleaching in early 2020 was the second most severe on record. Photograph by Greg Lecoeur, Nat Geo Image Collection Science A coral reef.Nichole Price/Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, “The results of this paper highlight the importance of truly long-term studies documenting change in coral reef communities,” said co-author Peter Edmunds, a professor at California State University, Northridge. For example, human-induced global climate change may be causing an increase in ocean temperatures. Coral reefs are intricately interconnected systems, and it is the interplay between species that enables their healthy functioning. What's taking their place is lots and lots of seaweed. The coral reef that protects their town — an undersea forest of living limestone branches that blunted the storm’s destructive power — had taken a beating. In fact, scientists estimate that we’ve already lost as much as half of all coral reefs since 1980, and some fear that we could lose the rest in just 30 years. Four of these species belong to the reef-building genus Acropora, an important group that has proven particularly vulnerable to human stressors. As the coral reef crisis deepens, the international community will need to intensify efforts to combine and synthesize results as we have been able to accomplish with this study.”. “The critical habitat designation in and of itself isn’t going to protect corals from climate change directly, but it does prevent certain potentially destructive activities from occurring in these habitats,” he said. “Corals might still bleach but they’re more likely to survive.”. The yearly average rainfall varies depending upon the location of the coral reef. Most reef-building corals also require very saline (salty) water ranging from 32 to 42 parts per thousand. Humidity and rainfall are at a minimum during these months and sunny days dominate. Changes in precipitation: increased runoff of freshwater, sediment, and land-based pollutants contribute to algal blooms and cause murky water conditions that reduce light. Feb. 19, 2019 — A new study reports that protecting coral reefs from fishing and pollution does not help coral populations cope with climate change. It is called the Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, covers nearly 133,000 square miles and is home to more than 1,500 species of fish, 411 species of hard corals and dozens of other species. “We spend a lot of time lamenting the loss of coral reefs, but we need to remember there’s still a lot left to lose.”. Coral reefs are retreating from equatorial waters and establishing new reefs in more temperate regions, according to new research published July 4 in the journal Marine Ecology Progress Series. “This study is a great example of the importance of collaborating internationally to assess global trends associated with climate change and project future ecological interactions,” said co-author Jacqueline Padilla-Gamiño, an assistant professor at the University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences. Proposals cite climate change as most severe threat to US reefs, which may be in danger of disappearing in some places Last modified on Fri 4 Dec 2020 12.08 EST In … Climate change that has lead to shrinking glaciers, increasing fires, floods and droughts, and the bleaching of coral reefs are among the troubles … “The changes we are seeing in coral reef ecosystems are mind-boggling, and we need to work hard to document how these systems work and learn what we can do to save them before it’s too late.”. “I don’t like to say that reefs in Florida are on their last legs, but if we don’t increase our efforts to save them soon, they will be,” said Andrew Baker, a marine biologist with the University of Miami who specializes in the impact of climate change on coral reefs. “The trends we identified in this analysis are exceptionally difficult to detect, yet of the greatest importance in understanding how reefs will change in the coming decades. Baker called habitat protections “a necessary but insufficient step” for helping coral species threatened by climate change. Marine biologist Emma Camp studies the planet's most resilient corals, hoping they can one day be used to replenish reefs degraded by climate change. “The critical habitat protections are fantastic for these corals,” said Miyoko Sakashita, Oceans Director for the environmental nonprofit Center for Biological Diversity. © 2020 University of Washington | Seattle, WA, Coral reefs shifting away from equator, new study finds, Peter Edmunds/University of California Northridge, Nichole Price/Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, Warm oceans helped first human migration from Asia to North America, Round 2 of Washington study underway to determine food, economic insecurity during pandemic, NSF-funded deep ice core to be drilled at Hercules Dome, Antarctica. The rules cite climate change as the most severe threat to all 12 coral species across their range. These subtropical reefs could provide refuge for other species challenged by climate change and new opportunities to protect these fledgling ecosystems. The NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program was established in 2000 by the Coral Reef Conservation Act. One of the most significant clues to climate in coral comes from the chemistry of the bands. “It obviously took a lawsuit to compel protections.”. For example, the most rainfall on the Great Barrier Reef occurs in the rainy season, which starts in September and ends in March. Corals are marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.They typically live in compact colonies of many identical individual polyps.Coral species include the important reef builders that inhabit tropical oceans and secrete calcium carbonate to form a hard skeleton.. A coral "group" is a colony of myriad genetically identical polyps. Changes in storm patterns: leads to stronger and more frequent storms that can cause the destruction of coral reefs. We bring together expertise from across NOAA for a multidisciplinary approach to managing and understanding coral reef ecosystems. “So many questions remain about which species are and are not making it to these new locations, and we don’t yet know the fate of these young corals over longer time frames,” Price said. The protections in the Caribbean would cover 5,900 sq miles (15,000 sq km) of critical habitat for five threatened corals off the coast of Florida, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. The most diverse coral reef is found around Indonesia. Human-caused climate change is causing an "utter tragedy" to one of the world's largest coral reef systems, according to Australian researchers. This post was adapted from a Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences news release. . The exact composition of most new reefs is currently unknown, due to the expense of collecting genetic and species diversity data. It extends over 1,200 miles and it is a great attraction for many tourists that come to this area. Threats to coral reef ecosystems. Believe it or not, you can actually see this coral reef biome from space! New coral reefs grow when larvae settle on suitable seafloor away from the reef where they originated. These include iconic species like pillar coral, mountainous star coral and lobed star coral. Action is crucial to save the nation’s reefs. The research team examined latitudes up to 35 degrees north and south of the equator, and found that the expansion of coral reefs is perfectly mirrored on either side. The Tropical North has an average rainfall of 2010mm (an average of 168mm per month). The largest coral reef biome in the world is found in the Northeast of Australia. The Center for Biological Diversity sued the Trump administration over lack of habitat protections for these species in August 2019, five years after the corals were initially listed under the Endangered Species Act in 2014. A recent report found that the coast of Florida today retains just 2% of its original coral cover, and Caribbean corals are currently in the midst of a disease outbreak. The Coral Reef Conservation Program is a partnership between the NOAA Line Offices that work on coral reef issues. Other threats are caused by people, including pollution, sedimentation, unsustainable fishing practices, and climate change, which is raising ocean temperatures and causing ocean acidification. The water must also be clear so that a maximum amount of light penetrates it. The new habitat protections will help regulate local threats to corals like overfishing, pollution, and dredging operations. Environment | News releases | Research | Science, Corals and kelp.Soyoka Muko/Nagasaki University. This is suspected to be a major culprit of coral loss. In a long-awaited move from the Trump administration, the US has proposed critical habitat protections for twelve coral species in the Caribbean and Pacific Ocean. “Habitat protections are one of the key things that corals need to safeguard their survival.”. The nights are cooler but not cold, with average nighttime temperatures at between 10 - 15 degrees Celsius. “Imperiled plants and animals are supposed to get habitat protections at the same time they are listed,” Sakashita said. Like the scaly coverings of foraminifera and other marine organisms, the ratio of heavy and light oxygen in coral growth bands provide a record of temperature and rainfall during the growing season. “It also provides a nugget of hope for the resilience and survival of coral reefs.”. The coral reef biome experiences an average yearly precipitation of 78.75 inches. “The lines are really starting to blur about what a native species is, and when ecosystems are functioning or falling apart.”, Young corals.Peter Edmunds/University of California Northridge. The coral reef that protects their town — an undersea forest of living limestone branches that blunted the storm’s destructive power — had taken a beating. Great Barrier Reef Weather Chart For more information on weather around the Great Barrier Reef visit the Bureau of Meteorology. Coral reefs are some of the most biodiverse ecosystems in the world, and their annual economic value in the US exceeds $3bn a year, according to a Noaa report. A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals.Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate.Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups.. Coral belongs to the class Anthozoa in the animal phylum Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones and jellyfish.Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard … “The clarity in this trend is stunning, but we don’t yet know whether the new reefs can support the incredible diversity of tropical systems.”. The paper assesses where and when “refugee corals” could settle in the future — potentially bringing new resources and opportunities such as fishing and tourism. The research, led by Dr Caitlin Lawson in the Climate Change Cluster at UTS, discovered that across the coral species studied on Heron Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef… Unfortunately, coral reef ecosystems are severely threatened. The temperatures are recorded as average maximums of (Celsius) 30 degrees and average minimums of (Celsius) 21 degrees. For more information, contact Padilla-Gamiño at jpgamino@uw.edu. Some threats are natural, such as diseases, predators, and storms. Coral reefs are retreating from equatorial waters and establishing new reefs in more temperate regions, according to new research published July 4 in the journal Marine Ecology Progress Series. This is allowing drifting coral larvae to settle and grow in new regions. This is an issue that goes to the core of the coral ecosystem’s ability to maintain homeostasis in the face of increasing climate change impacts and other anthropogenic pressures. The proposed protections in the Pacific cover 230 sq miles (600 sq km) of critical habitat for seven threatened corals around island territories including Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands. The researchers believe that only certain types of coral are able to reach these new locations, based on how far the microscopic larvae can swim and drift on currents before they run out of their limited fat stores. The rules would protect over 6,000 sq miles (nearly 16,000 sq km) of critical coral habitat. Climate change could destroy almost all of Earth's coral reef habitats by 2100, according to new research. A healthy coral reef in the Caribbean sea. They hope that other scientists will add to the database, making it increasingly comprehensive and useful to other research questions. We review the evidence for bio-regulation by coral reefs of local climate through stress-induced emissions of aerosol precursors, such as dimethylsulfide. Coral reefs account for one-third of all biodiversity in the oceans and are vital to humanity. Human activities have caused much of the destruction of the world’s coral reefs. The researchers found that the number of young corals on tropical reefs has declined by 85% — and doubled on subtropical reefs — during the last four decades. While good news, the planned protections have been slow to arrive. For many reasons, including climate change, overfishing, pollution, it! 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